Thesis - Ch. 4 section 6.3 Audio Description
Colour code: As indicated on title page of working draft, and revision record Supervisor comments incorporated into Master Doc 1.1 Audio Description Although film captions, for those who are deaf, were emerging in the 1960s, the concepts behind the ‘act’ and ‘art’ of Audio Description (AD) were first developed in San Francisco in the 1970s, by Gregory Frazier and coined as “television for the blind” (Fryer 2016; Fryer 2020; Snyder 2005). Developed as an assistive aid for those with visual impairment (Kleege, 2015), Audio Description is an umbrella term for techniques that make visual media accessible to blind people (Kleege, 2017). Since its inclusion in live theatre in the 1980s, when the blind audience wore headsets and the audio describer was housed backstage (Kleege, 2017) AD can now be found in diverse fields including sound science, critical disability studies, immersive technology and both visual and performing ar...